To show that that part of the compound is a polyatomic ion. For example there’s Sodium Phosphite. It’ll be written as Na3(PO3)
If it’s written as Na3PO3, it looks like it’s Sodium Phosphorus Trioxide. Basically parenthesis just clears things up when writing chemical formulas.
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When you’re talking about an ionic compound you might have an ion and you need to add a subscript for the number of that entire ion. for example (SO4)2 means that there are 2 sulfate ions. The O already has its subscript and you need parenthesis for this to make sense.